The Role of Ultrasound Guide for Botulinum Toxin Injection in Neurological Diseases

The accuracy of administration of BoNT-A into the target muscle is primary to obtain a reduction of movement disorders in dystonia patients or spasticity in subjects with upper motor neuron syndrome. Indeed, incorrect needle placement can result in complete failure of treatment causing also weakness or paresis, particularly for small muscles of the hand and forearm in writer’s or musician’s cramp. Several injection techniques can be used in common practice even if clinicians not always have the possibility and the time to inject with a guide.